TOOLS OF FOREIGN POLICY
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Diplomacy: Practice of conducting negotiations between nations to
reach formal or informal (backdoor) resolutions.
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Mediation: The use of a third party (or parties) in conflict resolution.
Can result in a brokered resolution.
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Negotiation: The process of formal bargaining between parties.
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Power: The ability or potential to influence others' behavior.
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Propaganda: Control of information, ideas, facts, or allegations
spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause
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Economic Instruments: foreign aid, trade treaties, inducements,
tariffs, boycotts, sanctions
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Military Force: deterrence (using a threat to dissuade an opponent
from attempting to achieve an objective), alliances; limited war; war,
terrorism
VIEWPOINTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (Paradigms)
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Idealism (liberalism): An approach to international relations that
emphasizes international law and international organizations over military
force alone. Also emphasizes the latent power of everyday citizens and
grass-roots organizations. Based on the anti-nationalist idea that all
human beings, regardless of their political affiliation, can belong to
a single community with universal human rights. Exemplified in the United
Nations Charter.
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Realism: A viewpoint which explains international politics as the
pursuit of national security and self-interest in an anarchic world through
gaining and wielding power.
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Globalism (pluralism, neo-liberalism): An approach to international
relations that emphasizes the growing interdependence of not only world
governments, but also other aspects of society such as individual travelers
and traders, multinational corporations and non-governmental international
organizations.
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Marxism: A viewpoint that explains international relations in terms
of the struggle between rich and poor classes (rather than governments).
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Nationalist: Identification with and devotion to the interest's
of one's nation.
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Intercultural Literacy: (education term) The competencies necessary
for effective cross-cultural engagement such as language proficiencies,
and relative historical/political/cultural understanding.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:
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International Organizations (IOs): Broad definition which includes
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the United Nations, and
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as the International Committee
of the Red Cross (ICRC).
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Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs): Organizations whose members
are state governments.
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Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs): Transnational groups (such
as the Catholic Church, Greenpeace, and the International Olympic Committee)
that interact with states, multinational corporations (MNCs), other NGOs
and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).
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